These days, my skin barrier is compromised

Hello. Lately, my face feels tight after washing it, and I experience a slight stinging sensation when applying the toner and lotion I usually use. I am concerned that my skin barrier may be damaged. In particular, as we enter the change of seasons, my skin has become sensitive; even the slightest irritation causes redness or dryness.

There are two main things I am curious about.

1. What ingredients help restore and strengthen the skin barrier? For example, I have heard that Ceramide, Niacinamide, and Panthenol are good; are they actually effective? (e.g., “Ceramide fills the gaps between dead skin cells,” etc.)

2. Which products would be suitable for my skin? My skin seems to be dry and sensitive combination type, and recently I have started experiencing a stinging sensation and tightness. I plan to temporarily stop using harsh exfoliants or highly active retinol/acid products and focus on skin soothing and barrier restoration. I would appreciate it if you could let me know if there are any products or brands you would recommend based on these conditions.